After decades of mistaken identity, scientists have finally revealed that a modest brown butterfly from Alberta’s Waterton Lakes National Park is a completely new species. Named Satyrium curiosolus, or the “Curiously Isolated Hairstreak,” this elusive insect lives solely on Blakiston Fan, a rare prairie-grassland habitat unlike those of its closest relatives. Long believed to be part of the Satyrium semiluna group, the butterfly has now been reclassified thanks to cutting-edge genomic research that uncovered 40,000 years of evolutionary isolation.
Genomics Uncovers the Truth
A 2025 study published in ZooKeys brought this hidden species to light. Led by researchers from the University of California, University of Kentucky, and the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo, the team found that S. curiosolus displays unusually low genetic diversity and very high historical inbreeding. These traits suggest the butterfly has remained genetically isolated for millennia—yet has likely survived by purging harmful mutations over time, similar to island species like the Channel Island fox.
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“This is a textbook example of how genomics is transforming conservation and species discovery,” said co-author Dr. Julian Dupuis. Genetic, ecological, and behavioral data combined to confirm that S. curiosolus is not only unique, but deeply adapted to its rare environment.
Unique Ecological Niche
Unlike its S. semiluna relatives that prefer sagebrush steppe habitats, S. curiosolus is restricted to a single alluvial fan where it depends on silvery lupine (Lupinus argenteus) as its sole host plant. Its life cycle also includes a rare mutualistic bond with Lasius ponderosae ants: the caterpillars secrete a sugary substance called honeydew in exchange for protection. They retreat into ant nests when threatened, and adult butterflies lay eggs near ant colony entrances—behavior not seen in other hairstreaks.
Urgent Conservation Challenge
With an estimated population of only 500 individuals, S. curiosolus is acutely vulnerable to climate change. Its isolation and genetic makeup limit its ability to adapt, and traditional conservation methods such as introducing new genes from related species could do more harm than good. Scientists believe that hybridization with S. semiluna may not even be possible due to deep genetic divergence.
“There’s no fallback population to sustain its survival,” explained Dr. James Glasier of the Wilder Institute. Conservationists are now exploring the idea of establishing new populations in suitable habitats as a way to ensure long-term survival.
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The discovery of Satyrium curiosolus showcases how modern science—especially genomics—can uncover species that would otherwise remain invisible. It also demonstrates the urgent need to protect these hidden forms of biodiversity. Supported by Parks Canada, the Wilder Institute, and other partners, ongoing monitoring will be key to understanding how this butterfly copes with a changing climate and what can be done to protect it.